{"id":1834,"date":"2018-10-01T08:13:32","date_gmt":"2018-10-01T08:13:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/?p=1834"},"modified":"2018-10-01T08:13:32","modified_gmt":"2018-10-01T08:13:32","slug":"spotify-success-or-failure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/?p=1834","title":{"rendered":"Spotify &#8211; Success or Failure?"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_1906\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1906\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/unnamed-file.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1906\" src=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/unnamed-file-300x90.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/unnamed-file-300x90.png 300w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/unnamed-file-768x230.png 768w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/unnamed-file-1024x307.png 1024w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/unnamed-file-830x249.png 830w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/unnamed-file-230x69.png 230w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/unnamed-file-350x105.png 350w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/unnamed-file-480x144.png 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1906\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Spotify, Spotify Logo.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>According to Spotify their &#8220;mission is to unlock the potential of human creativity\u2014by giving a million creative artists the opportunity to live off their art and billions of fans the opportunity to enjoy and be inspired by it\u201d (\u201cSpotify Company Info,\u201d 2018). Spotify is certainly living up to part of its goal &#8211; as of June of 2018 the company has amassed over 83 million subscribers, 180 million active users, 35 million songs, 2 billion playlists and availability in 65 markets (&#8220;Spotify Company Info,\u201d 2018). However, despite this media powerhouse&#8217;s popularity it pays artists less than its competition, is not profitable and has been party to multiple lawsuits.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Spotify is a Swedish independent music and media streaming service (including podcasts and short-form video content) owned by Spotify Technology SA, which is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden (www.reuters.com; \u201cSpotify Company Info\u201d, 2018). Spotify Technology SA, incorporated in 2006, launched its digital streaming service, Spotify, in 2008 (\u201cCompany Overview of Spotify Limited,\u201d 2018; \u201cSpotify Company Info\u201d, 2018). \u00a0Originally a small startup, Spotify, as\u00a0of March 31, 2018, has 3,813 full-time employees (investors.spotify.com; Safian, 2018). Steered by Daniel Ek, Spotify&#8217;s thirty-four year-old Founder and CEO and number three on Billboards 2018 top 100, Spotify\u00a0has not focused on\u00a0expansion of its business enterprise, but rather on innovation (Digiacomo, 2018; Safian, 2018).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Spotify&#8217;s business structure is built on a \u2018freemium\u2019 model (\u201cCompany Vitae: Spotify, 2017; Rayna, 2016; Spotify Company Info\u201d). Spotify&#8217;s \u2018freemium\u2019 model allows users to access media through premium and ad-supported (free) services. For a flat monthly subscription fee (student, standard or family plan), Spotify&#8217;s premium services provides customers with commercial free, unlimited and offline streaming (&#8220;Music for everyone;&#8221; www.reuters.com). Spotify&#8217;s ad-supported service allows users to access media for free with limited functionality (www.reuters.com). Spotify, additionally, offers Spotify for Artists, a service which provides Artists with the tools to distribute their music and manage their artists profiles, and access various analytics (www.reuters.com).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<iframe  id=\"_ytid_65377\"  width=\"1170\" height=\"658\"  data-origwidth=\"1170\" data-origheight=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mzX3YFFxhl4?enablejsapi=1&autoplay=0&cc_load_policy=0&cc_lang_pref=&iv_load_policy=1&loop=0&modestbranding=0&rel=1&fs=1&playsinline=0&autohide=2&theme=dark&color=red&controls=1&\" class=\"__youtube_prefs__  no-lazyload\" title=\"YouTube player\"  allow=\"fullscreen; accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen data-no-lazy=\"1\" data-skipgform_ajax_framebjll=\"\"><\/iframe>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In spite of Spotify\u2019s near 30 billion dollar market value evaluation earlier this year, Spotify does not have much as far as traditional assets (Bryant, 2018). In fact, when Spotify listed its shares in NYSE earlier this year it claimed only 90 million dollars of physical valuable assets (Bryant, 2018). \u00a0However, this does not mean that Spotify is devoid of valuable assets. The true value in Spotify comes from their\u00a0intangible assets, including, customer relationships, search algorithms, management team, artificial intelligence, and, most importantly, their ability to collect data. (Bryant, 2018; Lane, 2018). Spotify&#8217;s data collection allows the company to use their playlist analytics collect details of its user\u2019s listening habits as well as listener demographics including location, gender and age (Witt, 2018; Bryant, 2018).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1885\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1885\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/02-playlists-ios.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1885\" src=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/02-playlists-ios-150x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/02-playlists-ios-150x300.png 150w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/02-playlists-ios-512x1024.png 512w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/02-playlists-ios-230x460.png 230w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/02-playlists-ios-350x700.png 350w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/02-playlists-ios-480x960.png 480w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/02-playlists-ios.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1885\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Spotify, Spotify Playlist<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1903\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1903\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/03-playing-view-ios.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1903\" src=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/03-playing-view-ios-150x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/03-playing-view-ios-150x300.png 150w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/03-playing-view-ios-512x1024.png 512w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/03-playing-view-ios-230x460.png 230w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/03-playing-view-ios-350x700.png 350w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/03-playing-view-ios-480x960.png 480w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/03-playing-view-ios.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1903\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Spotify, Spotify playing view.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Spotify obtains revenue from its ad-supported and premium services for consumers, as well as advertisements, and revamped payola (i.e. purchased placement of songs within Spotify&#8217;s curated playlists) (Bridge, 2018; www.reuters.com). The bread and butter of Spotify&#8217;s revenue is from premium subscribers. However, while Spotify&#8217;s ad-supported version does not provide significant revenue, it has proven to be a successful enticement for future subscribers to use their paid services (Lane, 2018; Safian, 2018; investors.spotify.com). This strategy is highlighted by Spotify&#8217;s recent move to bundle the streaming services Hulu and Showtime for only $4.99 a month for students (\u201cSpotify Premium for Students,\u201d 2018).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2011\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2011\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SHS_Press_Image_20180829210243__1025eaf4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2011\" src=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SHS_Press_Image_20180829210243__1025eaf4-300x140.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"140\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SHS_Press_Image_20180829210243__1025eaf4-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SHS_Press_Image_20180829210243__1025eaf4-768x358.jpg 768w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SHS_Press_Image_20180829210243__1025eaf4-1024x477.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SHS_Press_Image_20180829210243__1025eaf4-830x386.jpg 830w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SHS_Press_Image_20180829210243__1025eaf4-230x107.jpg 230w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SHS_Press_Image_20180829210243__1025eaf4-350x163.jpg 350w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SHS_Press_Image_20180829210243__1025eaf4-480x224.jpg 480w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/SHS_Press_Image_20180829210243__1025eaf4.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2011\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Spotify, Spotify Premium for Students: Now with Hulu and SHOWTIME<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Yet, Spotify&#8217;s current revenue model is not working. In 2017, Spotify reported a net loss of 568 million (Gardner, 2018).\u00a0Although Spotify pays comparatively lower rates per stream than its competitors, around $0.0038 per-stream (Apple Music pays approximately $0.0064 per stream), Spotify spends about 70% of its annual revenue in licensing for these rights (McIntyre, 2017; Gardner, 2018). Spotify&#8217;s financial position is further aggravated by its slew of pending lawsuits and settlements with music publishers, including a settlement for 43 million dollars last year (Kreps, 2018).\u00a0In order to curb this troubling trend, and acquire much needed capital, the company went public in April. 2018, starting at 165.90 USD and closing at 180.83 USD as of September 28, 2018 (www.reuters.com).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1835\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1835\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-09-29-at-4.15.32-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1835\" src=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-09-29-at-4.15.32-PM-300x151.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-09-29-at-4.15.32-PM-300x151.png 300w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-09-29-at-4.15.32-PM-768x387.png 768w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-09-29-at-4.15.32-PM-1024x515.png 1024w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-09-29-at-4.15.32-PM-830x418.png 830w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-09-29-at-4.15.32-PM-230x116.png 230w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-09-29-at-4.15.32-PM-350x176.png 350w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-09-29-at-4.15.32-PM-480x242.png 480w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Screen-Shot-2018-09-29-at-4.15.32-PM.png 1832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1835\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Reuters<br \/>Spotify NYSE 2018<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Spotify&#8217;s position in the media streaming landscape is fragile. Spotify is merely a media streaming company, unlike their biggest competitors (such as, Apple and Amazon). Companies like Apple are able to lower their bottom line to use their media streaming services to expand their digital presence\u00a0(Safian, 2018;\u00a0Hough, 2018). Thus, companies like Apple can consume losses as their main source of revenue is not based on their subscription services (Safian, 2018;\u00a0Hough, 2018).<\/p>\n<p>Moving forward, Spotify\u2019s biggest objective is to expand their presence.\u00a0Spotify must expand to be profitable, as increased user rates could provide Spotify with more bargaining power to negotiate better rates with music labels\u00a0(Witt, 2018; &#8220;Spotify&#8217;s unspoken promise&#8221;). Without growth, Spotify is left with unappealing options, such as\u00a0increasing their rates or removing their free services which could reduce users, and lowering licensing fees which could alienate the record labels (&#8220;Spotify&#8217;s Path to Success, and Tech Coverage Ideas&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2015\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2015\" style=\"width: 199px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Daniel_Ek_3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2015\" src=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Daniel_Ek_3-199x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Daniel_Ek_3-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Daniel_Ek_3-768x1157.jpg 768w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Daniel_Ek_3-680x1024.jpg 680w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Daniel_Ek_3-830x1250.jpg 830w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Daniel_Ek_3-230x346.jpg 230w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Daniel_Ek_3-350x527.jpg 350w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Daniel_Ek_3-480x723.jpg 480w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Daniel_Ek_3.jpg 1992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2015\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Spotify, Founder and CEO of Spotify Daniel Ek speaks onstage during Spotify Investor Day at Spring Studios on March 15, 2018 in New York City. (Photo by Ilya S. Savenok\/Getty Images for Spotify).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>It has been suggested that Spotify should invest in more original media and work towards vertical integration (i.e. creation, marketing and distribution) (Hu, 2018). However, Ek believes this strategy does not correlate with Spotify\u2019s artist driven directives and, furthermore, he seems to put little stock in vertical integration as a solution (Safian, 2018). Rather, Ek believes innovation, and moving faster than his competition, is key (Safian, 2018)<\/p>\n<p>However, arguably more important, Spotify has a dependent relationship with the &#8216;Big Three,&#8217; and vertical integration could create increased tension in an already tumultuous relationship. Last year Spotify signed a deal with the &#8216;Big Three,&#8217;\u00a0Warner Music Group, Universal Music GroupUniversal and Sony Music Entertainment (Witt, 2018). This armistice is tenuous at best, as the parties have differing goals and competing objectives (Witt, 2018; &#8220;Spotify&#8217;s unspoken promise&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>Looking to the future, it is likely Spotify will continue to use methods to gain premium subscribers, diversify their media, and potentially move towards Spotify original content. Whether or not this will be proven successful is unknown.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2037\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2037\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Gramercy_1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2037\" src=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Gramercy_1-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Gramercy_1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Gramercy_1-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Gramercy_1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Gramercy_1-830x553.jpg 830w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Gramercy_1-230x153.jpg 230w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Gramercy_1-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/Gramercy_1-480x320.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2037\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Spotify, Spotify unveiled a new version of its, ad-supported experience today at New York\u0092s Gramercy Theatre on April 24, 2018 in New York City. (Photo by Ilya S. Savenok\/Getty Images for Spotify)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Bridge, Mark. Musicians &#8216;paying thousands for place on Spotify playlists&#8217;.&#8221; Times [London, England] 17 Mar. 2018: 19. Business Insights: Essentials. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/bi.galegroup.com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/essentials\/article\/GALE%7CA531296885? u=nysl_ce_syr.\">http:\/\/bi.galegroup.com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/essentials\/article\/GALE%7CA531296885? u=nysl_ce_syr.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Bryant, C. (2018, April 6). Spotify&#8217;s $26 Billion Value Is Hard to Put Your Finger On. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/gadfly\/articles\/2018-04-09\/spotify-s-26-billion-value-is-hard-to-put-your-finger-on.\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/gadfly\/articles\/2018-04-09\/spotify-s-26-billion-value-is-hard-to-put-your-finger-on.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Company Overview of Spotify Limited. (2018, September 28). Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/research\/stocks\/private\/snapshot.asp?privcapId=49444968.\">https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/research\/stocks\/private\/snapshot.asp?privcapId=49444968.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Company vitae: Spotify. (2017). Management Today, 12. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/1905634177?accountid=14214.\">https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/1905634177?accountid=14214.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Digiacomo, F. (2018). THE POWER 100 2018. Billboard, 130(3), 49-52,54,56,58,60,68-70,72,74,76,78,80,82,84,86-88,90-92,94-96,98,100. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/2073441918?accountid=14214.\">https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/2073441918?accountid=14214.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Gardner, E. (2018). Can Spotify Pull Off Music&#8217;s Power Move? Hollywood Reporter, 424, 44. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/2001354876?accountid=14214.\">https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/2001354876?accountid=14214.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hough, J. (2018). Watch spotify&#8217;s IPO- and buy this instead. Barron&#8217;s, 98(3), 15. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/1987647091?accountid=14214.\">https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/1987647091?accountid=14214.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Hu, C. (2018, August 09). Five Takeaways From Spotify CEO Daniel Ek&#8217;s Interview With Fast Company. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.billboard.com\/articles\/business\/8469196\/five-takeaways-spotify-ceo-daniel-ek-interview-with-fast-company.\">https:\/\/www.billboard.com\/articles\/business\/8469196\/five-takeaways-spotify-ceo-daniel-ek-interview-with-fast-company.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Kreps, D. (2018, June 25). Wixen&#8217;s $1.6 Billion Spotify Lawsuit: What You Need to Know. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/music\/music-news\/wixens-1-6-billion-spotify-lawsuit-what-you-need-to-know-202532\/.\">https:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/music\/music-news\/wixens-1-6-billion-spotify-lawsuit-what-you-need-to-know-202532\/.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Lane, C. (2018). Spotify goes public valued at nearly $30 billion &#8211; but its future isn&#8217;t guaranteed. Washington: NPR. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/2021129975?accountid=14214.\">https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/2021129975?accountid=14214.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>McIntyre, H. (2017, July 27). What Do The Major Streaming Services Pay Per Stream? Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/hughmcintyre\/2017\/07\/27\/what-do-the-major-streaming-services-pay-per-stream\/#2393de9c448c.\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/hughmcintyre\/2017\/07\/27\/what-do-the-major-streaming-services-pay-per-stream\/#2393de9c448c.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Music for everyone. (n.d.). Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spotify.com\/us\/premium\/?checkout=false.\">https:\/\/www.spotify.com\/us\/premium\/?checkout=false.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Rayna, T., &amp; Striukova, L. (2016). 360\u00b0 business model innovation: Toward an integrated view of business model innovation. Research Technology Management, 59(3), 21-28. doi:<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/10.1080\/08956308.2016.1161401.\">http:\/\/dx.doi.org.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/10.1080\/08956308.2016.1161401.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Safian, R. (2018, August 30). Exclusive: Spotify CEO Daniel Ek on Apple, Facebook, Netflix\u2013and the future. Retrieved September 20, 2018, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fastcompany.com\/90213545\/exclusive-spotify-ceo-daniel-ek-on-apple-facebook-netflix-and-the-future-of-music.\">https:\/\/www.fastcompany.com\/90213545\/exclusive-spotify-ceo-daniel-ek-on-apple-facebook-netflix-and-the-future-of-music.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Spotify &#8211; Company Info. (n.d.). Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.spotify.com\/companyinfo\/.\">https:\/\/newsroom.spotify.com\/companyinfo\/.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Spotify &#8211; Media Kit. (n.d.). Retrieved from<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.spotify.com\/mediakit\/.\"> https:\/\/newsroom.spotify.com\/mediakit\/.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Spotify&#8217;s Path to Success, and Tech Coverage Ideas.&#8221; New York Times 5 Mar. 2018: B2(L). Business Insights: Essentials. Web. 23 Sept. 2018. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/bi.galegroup.com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/essentials\/article\/GALE|A529829493\/0829240c6ace311d82c0ad8488263c87?u=nysl_ce_syr.\">http:\/\/bi.galegroup.com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/essentials\/article\/GALE|A529829493\/0829240c6ace311d82c0ad8488263c87?u=nysl_ce_syr.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Spotify Technology SA (SPOT.N) Chart. (n.d.). Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/finance\/stocks\/overview\/SPOT.N\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/finance\/stocks\/chart\/SPOT.N.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Spotify Technology S.A. Announces Financial Results for First Quarter 2018. (n.d.). Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/investors.spotify.com\/financials\/press-release-details\/2018\/Spotify-Technology-SA-Announces-Financial-Results-for-First-Quarter-2018\/default.aspx\">https:\/\/investors.spotify.com\/financials\/press-release-details\/2018\/Spotify-Technology-SA-Announces-Financial-Results-for-First-Quarter-2018\/default.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Spotify&#8217;s unspoken promise: A different business. (2018, Mar 31). Dow Jones Institutional News Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/2020231709?accountid=14214.\">https:\/\/search-proquest-com.libezproxy2.syr.edu\/docview\/2020231709?accountid=14214.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Witt, S. (2018, April 04). Spotify Is, For Now, The World&#8217;s Most Valuable Music Company. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/therecord\/2018\/04\/04\/599385111\/spotify-is-for-now-the-worlds-most-valuable-music-company.\">https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/therecord\/2018\/04\/04\/599385111\/spotify-is-for-now-the-worlds-most-valuable-music-company.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>(2018, August 29): Spotify Premium for Students: Now with Hulu and SHOWTIME. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.spotify.com\/2018-08-29\/spotify-premium-for-students-now-with-hulu-and-showtime\/.\">https:\/\/newsroom.spotify.com\/2018-08-29\/spotify-premium-for-students-now-with-hulu-and-showtime\/.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>According to Spotify their &#8220;mission is to unlock the potential of human creativity\u2014by giving a million creative artists the opportunity to live off their art and billions of fans the opportunity to enjoy and be inspired by it\u201d (\u201cSpotify Company Info,\u201d 2018). Spotify is certainly living up to part of its goal &#8211; as of June of 2018 the company has amassed over 83 million subscribers, 180 million active users, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":93,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1834"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/93"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1834"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1834\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2039,"href":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1834\/revisions\/2039"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1834"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1834"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uoesterl.expressions.syr.edu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1834"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}